Effect of long term crop rotations and rewetting of soil on stability

Abstract. Soils, of clay texture, were taken from two crop rotations in a long term trial, (i) maize - spring oats - maize, (ii) maize - spring oats - autumn oats - red clover, and from an adjacent uncropped fenceline. Wet sieving was preceded by wetting under vacuum, wetting under tension or by direct immersion. The undisturbed soil was the most stable; the inclusion of clover in the rotation improved aggregate stability. Direct immersion was most disruptive in disintegrating aggregates followed by vacuum and pre-wetting under tension.     

Measured and simulated soil wetting patterns under porous clay pipe sub-surface irrigation

Sub-surface irrigation with porous clay pipe can be an efficient, water saving method of irrigation for many less developed arid and semi-arid regions. Maximizing the efficiency of clay pipe irrigation requires guidelines and criteria for system design and operation. In this study, experimental and simulated (with HYDRUS (2D/3D)) soil wetting patterns were investigated for sub-surface pipe systems operating at different water pressures. Predictions of the soil water content made with HYDRUS were found to be in good agreement (R² = 0.98) with the observed data. Additional simulations with HYDRUS were used to study the effects of various design parameters on soil wetting. Increasing the system pressure increased the size of the wetted zone. The installation depth affects the recommended lateral spacing as well as the amount of evaporative water loss. For a given water application, the potential rate of surface evaporation affected the shape of the wetted region only minimally. Soil texture, due to its connection to soil hydraulic conductivity and water retention, has a larger impact on the wetting geometry. In general, greater horizontal spreading occurs in fine texture soils, or in the case of layered soils, in the finer textured layers.     

水肥交互作用对稻田氮素利用率和氮素平衡的影响

采用蒸渗仪方法和同位素示踪技术研究了稻田常规灌溉和节水灌溉条件下不同施肥水平和施肥方式的氮素利用率和氮素平衡,结果表明:稻谷氮素累积量占植株氮素累积量一半左右,间歇灌溉模式和传统淹灌模式氮素累积量的差异反应在茎和绿叶和实粒,而在黄叶和秕粒中差别不大;差值法测得氮肥利用率比同位素法偏高,但二者均表现为间歇灌溉氮肥利用率高于淹灌模式,且间歇灌溉模式下低氮水平氮肥利用率高于高氮处理;根据同位素示踪法计算氮素平衡,氮素在稻田系统中的分配为氨挥发和反硝化占37.4%~51.7%,土壤残留占20.4%~37.7%,作物吸收占9.2%~36.4%,淋失占0.3%~16.4%。     

A NEW TYPE OF RADIOGRAPHIC BONE REMODELING IN THE DISTAL RADIAL AND ULNAR METAPHYSIS IN 54 NEWFOUNDLAND DOGS

In this longitudinal observational study, 118 growing Newfoundland dogs were followed with sequential radiographic examination of the right front limb, which were scheduled at ages 3, 4, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months to record evidence of skeletal changes. All affected dogs had evidence of changes at 6 months and dogs included in this study had radiographic examination at 6 months and at least two other scheduled examinations that included either 4 or 12 months. The dogs were privately owned and had individualized nutrition and environment with no maintenance protocol required by the project leaders. Irregularities in bone remodeling in the distal radius and ulna were seen in radiographs of 54 of 118 (45.8%) dogs. These irregularities differ from changes previously described in the Newfoundland dog. The reported irregularities were seen as islands of reduced opacity outlined by thickened, radiopaque osseous trabeculae, which were aligned with the axis of stress. All the 54 dogs with irregularities during some phase of development consistently had changes at 6 months of age. Reorganization of the changes in the bone was slow, and residual changes were visible at 18-24 months of age in many cases. The significance of these findings may lie in their potential for misinterpretation if they had been discovered in the presence of clinical signs such as any lameness or growth arrest. Radiographic appearance indicates disturbances in the bone maturation. The etiopathogenesis is unclear. Nutritional, environmental and genetic factors have to be studied.     

水稻“少灌多蓄”节水灌溉新技术研究与推广

厦门同安地区群众习惯采用淹灌法灌溉水稻,耗水量大,有效利用雨量少。同安灌溉试验站从１９９４～１９９６连续３年研究“少灌多蓄”节水灌溉新技术,即充分利用自然降雨使田间水层保持为０～３０ｍｍ,一般水层至０时再隔一天灌水至上限（３０ｍｍ）,降水时使水层上限保持在７０ｍｍ。这样在产量不减少情况下减少了灌水量与灌溉次数达三分之一,省水省工,此法已在当地推广近４６７ｈｍ２,平均增产３１８ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,节水３０％。     

高山冰川前缘地带景观生态的发育与演替：以天山1号冰川前缘为例

高山冰川前缘地带长寿上于高寒的冰缘环境背景之下，其生态发展的发育具有原始性和简单性，随着冰川作用时间长短的变化，其冰碛母质，植被和土壤同步演替，并表现为一定的演替模式；在景观上也呈现出明显的生态分异特征。     

新时期的统一战线工作与新农村建设

在新农村建设过程中,统一战线工作大有可为,但也面临着一些新的问题,呈现出许多新的特点。具体表现在广泛性、复杂性、艰巨性等方面。我们要根据这些特点制定相应对策,发挥统一战线为新农村建设提供稳定社会、智力和资金支持以及民主监督的作用,促进新农村建设。     

层状土壤指流实验研究

为了解层状土条件下指流平均推进速度与上层土壤性状的关系，分别以西北地区三种典型土壤（西峰土、榆林土、新疆沙土）为上层土、粗沙为下层土，在室内进行充分供水条件下层状土壤指流实验。实验结果表明，上层土的饱和导水率决定了下层沙土中指流的平均推进速度，且上层土的饱和导水率与指流平均速度呈线性关系。该结论对指流特征预测具有重要参考意义。     

缓释肥条件间歇灌溉对水稻氮素分配及产量的影响

为探明缓释肥间歇灌条件对水稻氮素分配及产量的影响,于2020年开展了不同水肥处理水稻种植的测坑试验,分析了黄熟期植株地上各部分干物质质量及吸氮量,产量及其构成因子.结果表明:间歇灌溉能够促进水稻植株的干物质积累,干物质总量从大到小依次为:W2F2>W2F1>W1F1>W1F2(W1-淹灌,W2-间歇灌溉,F1-常规肥,...     

Utilizing rainfall and alternate wetting and drying irrigation for high water productivity in irrigated lowland paddy rice in southern Taiwan

Taiwan’s average annual rainfall is high compared to other countries around the world; however, it is considered a country with great demand for water resources. Rainfall along with alternate wetting and drying irrigation is proposed to minimize water demand and maximize water productivity for lowland paddy rice cultivation in southern Taiwan. A field experiment was conducted to determine the most suitable ponded water depth for enhancing water saving in paddy rice irrigation. Different ponded water depths treatments (T_2 cm, T_3 cm, T_4 cm and T_5 cm) were applied weekly from transplanting to early heading using a complete randomized block design with four replications. The highest rainwater productivity (2.07 kg/m³) was achieved in T_5 cm and the lowest in T_2 cm (1.62 kg/m³). The highest total water productivity, (0.75 kg/m³) and irrigation water productivity (1.40 kg/m³) was achieved in T_2 cm. The total amount of water saved in T_4 cm, T_3 cm and T_2 cm was 20, 40, and 60%, respectively. Weekly application of T_4 cm ponded water depth from transplanting to heading produced the lowest yield reduction (1.57%) and grain production loss (0.06 kg) having no significant impact on yield loss compared to T_5 cm. Thus, we assert that the weekly application of T_4 cm along with rainfall produced the best results for reducing lowland paddy rice irrigation water use and matching the required crop water.